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Minggu, 23 Oktober 2011

ALBERT EINSTEIN the greatest scientist of all time(1879-1955)


Albert Einstein, no doubt, the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Scholars unparalleled throughout the ages. Including his theory of "relativity" of his. Actually this theory are two theories are linked to each other: special theory of "relativity" of 1905 and formulated the general theory of "relativity" is formulated in 1915, better known as Einstein's law of gravity. Both theories are very complicated, because it's not the place here to explain as it is, but a perfunctory description of the problem of special relativity there is little mention. Proverb says, "everything is relative." Einstein's theory is not just chewing on that phrase is almost boring. What he meant was a definite opinion about the mathematical scientific principles that in fact relative. Essentially, a subjective assessment of time and space depending on the adherents. Before Einstein, generally people always believe that there is behind the subjective impression of absolute space and time that can be objectively measured with the equipment. Einstein's theory of revolutionary overturn in scientific thinking by rejecting the existence of absolute time

 Einstein was born in 1879, in Ulm, Germany. He entered college in Switzerland and became a Swiss citizen in 1900. In 1905 he received a doctorate from the University of Zurich but (strangely) can not be reached for an academic position at the time. In the same year he published a working paper about the "special relative," about the photo electric effect, and the theory of Brownian motion. In just a few short years these working papers, particularly those involving relativity, have been appointed one of the most brilliant scientists and most original in the world. His theories are very controversial. No scientist of the world except Darwin has ever created a controversial situation like Einstein. Due to that, in 1913 he was appointed as a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time as Director of the Institute of Physics "Kaiser Wilhelm" and become a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. These positions are not tied to freely devote all my time doing investigations, whenever he likes.
The German government does not regret Einstein's flush with the long row of that special position because of exactly two years later, Einstein succeeded in formulating "general theory of relativity," and in 1921 he received the Nobel Prize. Throughout the latter half of his life, Einstein became a byword of the world, and almost certainly he was a famous scientist who ever born into the world.
Since Einstein was a Jew, his life in Germany became unsafe so Hitler rose to power. In 1933, she moved to Princeton, New Jersey, United States, working at the Institute for Advanced Studies High and in 1940 became a U.S. citizen. Einstein's first marriage ended in divorce, only the second marriage just seems happy. Have two children, both boys. Einstein died in Princeton in 1955.
Einstein was always interested in the affairs of humanity the world around him and often expressed his political views. He is a steadfast fighter against tyrannical political system, a staunch pacifist movement, and a steadfast supporter of Zionism. In terms of dress and social customs he was an individualistic. Like humor, simple and no talent violin string. The inscription on the tomb of Newton's gravestone, which reads: "rejoice because the spirits ornament he left behind for humanity!" they are more subject to Einstein.

The following example can illustrate how radical his theory, he said he revolutionized how we think about space and time.
Imagine a spaceship - call it the name X - gliding away from Earth at the rate of 100,000 kilometers per second. Speed ​​is measured by the observer, both located in the spacecraft X and on earth, and their measurements simultaneously. Meanwhile, the other spacecraft named Y rate glide in the same direction as the spacecraft X but with excessive speed. If the observer on earth measures the speed of the spacecraft Y, they learned that the plane was moving away from Earth at a speed of 180,000 kilometers per second. Observer on the spacecraft Y will conclude similar. because the two spacecraft was traveling at the same time, it would appear that the speed difference between the two planes is 80 000 kilometers per second and faster aircraft that could not be moved away from the plane which is slower at this speed level.

However, Einstein's theory into account, if the observations were made from both spacecraft, they will agree that the distance between them increases at the level of the size of 100,000 kilometers per second, instead of 80,000 kilometers per second.
Apparently this was impossible. It looks like a mockery. Readers suspect smells as if there is deceit. Lest suspect there are hidden details. In fact, absolutely not! This result has nothing to do with the energy used to drive them.

Nothing wrong observation. As a result, nothing is lacking, the tool is damaged or twisted wires. Smooth, plain, not outwit. According to Einstein, the results of the above conclusions were solely as a result of the true nature of space and time can be calculated through the velocity composition formula particulars.

Seems to be a virulence theoretical, and indeed many years away from the "theory of relativity" is like away from the hypothesis "ivory tower," as if the theory had no significance at all. No one - certainly not - make the mistake until the year 1945 when the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki sweep. One of the conclusions "theory of relativity" Einstein is matter and energy are in a sense be balanced with and the relationship between them is defined as E = mc2. E indicates the energy and m indicates the mass of the object, whereas c is the speed of light. Well, because c is the same with 180,000 kilometers per second (that is a very large number of digits) c2 itself (which means CXC) erratic course of the immense amount. Thus meaning, although the conversion of a fraction of objects able to spend enormous amounts of energy. 

People would not have known it could make an atom bomb or nuclear power stations merely adhered to the formula E = mc2. It should also be studied deeply, many people play an important role in the process of generating atomic energy. However, after all, Einstein's contribution was not doubting thoughts again. No one quarreled in this matter. Furthermore, none other than Einstein the person who wrote a letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, indicating the opening of possibilities make atomic weapons and simultaneously emphasizes the importance for the United States as soon as possible make the weapon before the Germans preceded. The idea was then realize the "Manhattan Project" that could eventually create the first atomic bomb.

"The theory of special relativity" warm inviting different opinion, but in one sense all agree, that theory is the most dubious idea that human beings ever formulated. But, everyone was fooled because the "theory of general relativity" Albert is the starting point of another mind that the influence of gravity is not due to physical force in the usual sense, but rather a result of the curvature of space itself, an opinion which is very astonishing!

How can one measure the curvature of space?

Einstein was not just develop a theoretical way, but poured into a mathematical formulation of clear and distinct so that people can make a real prediction and hypothesis can be tested. The next observation - and this is the most brilliant because it is done when a total solar eclipse - has repeatedly believed to be the truth because it coincides completely with what Einstein said.

General theory of relativity stands apart in some respects with all scientific laws. First, Einstein did not formulate his theory on the basis of these experiments, but on the basis of symmetry and mathematical subtlety. In short rests on a rational basis as usual habits of the Greek philosophers and scholars do middle age. This means, Einstein different ways with a view of modern methods of empirical scientists. However, the difference there as well: Greek thinkers in terms of beauty and symmetry craving never successfully manage and find a mechanical theory that is able to survive the trials testing a complex-complex, while Einstein was able to survive with success on each trial. One result of this approach is that Einstein's general theory of relativity is considered a very beautiful, stylish, strong and intellectually satisfying all scientific theories.
The theory of general relativity are also in some ways stand separately. Most other scientific laws are only approximately valid. There are a hit in many ways, but not all. As for the general theory of relativity, all knowledge, is fully accepted without exception. No state is not known, both in terms of theoretical or experimental practice shows that the predictions of the general theory of relativity applies only approximately. Could have been experiments in the future ruin the good name of a perfect result ever achieved by any theory, but as far as the general theory of relativity, clearly remains the most reliable approach for every scientist in his efforts toward the final truth.

Although Einstein was very famous with the "theory of relativity" of his, the success of his work in other scientific fields as well as made ​​famous scientist in every facet. In fact, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for physics, especially because of his written thoughts reveal the effect of photo-electric effect, an important phenomenon that previously was a puzzle the wise men. In Einstein's scientific writings prove the existence of photons, or particles of light.

Long-held assumption by halting experiments say that light consists of electro magnetic waves, and waves and particles are opposite concepts. While Einstein's hypothesis suggests a radical difference and very contrary to the classical theories. Not only does the law have proven to photo electric significance in the use, but the hypothesis about the photon has a major influence in the development of quantum theory (the hypothesis that the radiation, electron energy released is not continuous but rather in a certain amount) are now an integral part of that theory.
In terms of assessing the significance of Einstein, a comparison with the Isaac Newton is striking. Newton's theory is basically easy to understand, and his genius have appeared at the beginning of the development. While the "theory of relativity" Einstein's extremely difficult to understand even by a careful explanation and caution. More-further complicate the matter if the original recap! When some of Newton's ideas clash with the scientific ideas of his time, his theories never seem faded or wavered in his stance. Instead, "the theory of relativity" is full of contradictory things. This is part of Einstein's genius that in the beginning, when the idea is still an untested hypothesis is put forward as the young teenager who was entirely unknown, he never let an obvious contradiction there and get rid of this theory. Conversely instead he very carefully and cautiously ponder continue until he is able to demonstrate that this contradiction is only on the course while the actual birth of each issue is always available to solve the contradiction in a shrewd and subtle but firm.
Now, we consider Einstein's theory was basically more "correct" rather than Newton's theory. If so why does Einstein put more down in the list of the order of this book?
The reason is available. First, theories Newtonlah which is the foundation stone and the stone of modern science and technology. Without the work of Newton, we would not see today's modern technology. Instead of Einstein.
There is another factor which is why Einstein's position in the order that the reader witnessed. In many ways, the development of an idea involving the donation minds of many people. It is clear for example in the history of socialism affairs, or in the development of electric and magnetic theory. Although Einstein was not 100% formulated a "theory of relativity" with his own brain, which is definitely the most part does its share. It is fair to say that judging from the comparison of the significance of other ideas, theories of relativity primarily derived from the creation of a, the genius and the topnotch, Einstein.
  

Kamis, 20 Oktober 2011

the 10 cruellest people in the world's

Throughout history they will continue to be remembered as a gruesome killer

1. Josef Stalin 

Stalin is General Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. IN under the leadership of Stalin, the State of Ukraine suffered a very severe famine (Holodomor), by most people this is considered a consequence of mass destruction that is part of the policy of Stalin's rule. Estimated number of deaths vary from 2.5 million to 10 million. Famine caused by the political and administrative decisions.
Besides starvation, Stalin ordered the purge in the Soviet Union any person who is considered as an enemy state. In total, the estimated number who were killed under Stalin's rule range from 10 million to 60 million people.
2. Adolf Hitler

German Chancellor Adolf Hitler established in 1933, became the "Fuhrer" in 1934 until his suicide in 1945. At the end of World War 2, the policy of territorial conquest and extermination rasianya already brought death and torture of millions of people, including the slaughter of approximately six million Jews now known as the Holocaust.
On 30 April 1945, after heavy fighting street-to-street, when Soviet troops appear within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory, Hitler committed suicide, shooting himself, biting cyanide capsules grain.
3. Ivan IV of Russia

Ivan IV of Russia, also known as Ivan the Terrible, is the magnificent Duke of Muscovy from 1533 until 1547 and was the first ruler of Russia who took the right of the Emperor. In 1570, Ivan under the belief that the elite of the city of Novgorod planned to cross into Poland, and sent an army to stop them on January 2. Ivan soldiers built walls around the perimeter of the city to prevent the city apart. Between 500 to 1000 people gathered every day by the troops, then tortured and killed in front of Ivan and his son.
In 1581, Ivan beat her daughter full-in-law for wearing clothing that is not rude, causing keguguran.Anak son, also named Ivan, causing ayahnya.Yang argument with his son Ivan who struck in the head with pointy sticks, and his son were killed instantly.
4. Vlad Tepes
 


Vlad III of Romania (also known as Vlad the Impaler) was Prince of Wallachia three times from 1448 until 1476. Better known as the legend of Vlad the Punisher is very cruel. He was forced during his reign, and he also used as the principal inspiration for the vampire main character of "Bram Stoker's" Dracula in popular new.
In Romania he is regarded as a prince with a deep sense of justice. List of torture he was declared to have employed extensive: nails in heads, cutting off limbs, blinding, strangulation, burning, cutting off noses and ears, cutting of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), skinning heads, skinning, the exposure to the elements or to animals, and oranghidup boil-life. There are claims that on several occasions stabbed ten thousand people in 1460.
5. Pol Pot
 


Pol Pot was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and the Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1976 to 1979, has been de facto leader since mid-1975. During his reign, Pol Pot imposed an extreme version of agrarian communism where all city dwellers moved to the countryside to work in a collective farm and forced labor projects. The combined effect of slave labor, malnutrition, poor medical perewatan and implementation are estimated to have killed some 2 million Cambodians (about a third of the population). Regime achieved a bad reputation because of a special select all the intellectuals and the "bourgeois enemies" for murder another.
Khmer Rouge mass executions at a place known as the "killing fields". Who were executed were buried in mass graves. To save ammunition, executions often dillakukan use a hammer, ax handles, spades or sharpened bamboo sticks.
6. Leopold II of Belgium

Leopold II was King of Belgium from 1865-1909.With financial assistance from the government, Leopold made "Congo Free State", a personal project undertaken to tap rubber and ivory in the Congo region of central Africa, which rely on forced labor and cause of death by approximately 3 million people of Congo.
Regime Congo Free State became one of the international scandal turn of the century more notorious. Parcels of land privately owned by the King is 76 times larger than Belgium, which he mastered as a free private sphere through his private army, the Force Publique. Leopold's rubber plantation workers were tortured, brutally maim and kill until the end of the century, over the hearts Nuran, i the Western World and forced Brussels to hold the rest.
7. Idi Amin Dada

Idi Amin was an army officer and president of Uganda.He took power in a military coup in January 1971, down Milton Obote.His reign was marked by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extra judicial killings and the expulsion of Indians from Uganda. The number of people killed due to his regime unknown; estimates vary from 80,000 to 500,000.
On August 4, 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of Asians ke60.000 is not Ugandan citizens (most of them contain a British passport). It later revised to include ke80.000 Asians, with the exception of professionals, like doctors, lawyers and teachers.
Amin was overthrown eventually, but until his death, he held that Uganda needed him and he never expressed remorse for the abuse of his regime.
8. Ruhollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Khomeini was the leader of the Islamic religion of Iran from 1979 until 1989.At that time he was implementing the Islamic Sharia (Islamic religious law) with the Islamic dress code applies to both men and women by Islamic Revolutionary Guards and other Islamic groups. Opposition to the rules of Islamic religious scholars or the public often found with abusive punishment.
In a conversation in Fayzieah School in Qom, August 30, 1979, Khomeini said:"Who is trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will suffer. They are worse than the Jews of Bani-Ghorizeh, and they should be hanged. We will torture them on the orders of God and God's call to prayer. "
In the 1988 genocide Iranian prisoners, following the operation Forough-e Javidan mujahideen fighter against the Islamic Republic of Iran, Khomeini ordered the court officials to judge every Iranian political prisoner and kill all who do not repent of counter-regime activity. Many say that the thousands who quickly murdered in prison. Curriculum vitae of Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri reported details of the execution of 30,000 political activists. After eleven days in the hospital in surgery to stop internal bleeding, Khomeini died of cancer on Saturday, June 4, 1989, at the age of 86 years.
9. Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien Robespierre was a leader of the French revolution and is making the argument that the revolutionary government to kill the king without trial. Robespierre was the main actor behind the cruel reign, 10 months after he led the post-revolutionary terror and mass execution. The terror that threaten between 18,500 to 40,000 people, with 1900 killed in the last month.
Among those sentenced by the revolutionary court, about 8 percent were nobles, clergy as much as 6 percent, the middle class as much as 14 percent, and the remaining 70 percent of employees or workers taniyang accused of hoarding, refusing conscription, desertion, rebellion, and the other confessed the crime . For his actions, Robespierre was beheaded by not through the trial in 1794.
10. Attila The Huns

Attila King of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453.He is the leader of the Hunnic Empire stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea. In the greater part of Western Europe, he is remembered as an example of cruelty and greed. The campaign failed in Persia was followed in the year 441 by the invasion of Eastern Roman Empire, the success of which encouraged Attila to invade the West.
He passed unhindered Austria and Germany, across the Rhine into the Gael, he seized and destroyed all the people on the street with a ferocity not unlike a savage assault on the record and that it forced him to overcome to increase the army very much. Attila drowned in his own blood on perkimpoiannya night.

Rabu, 19 Oktober 2011

10 Richest Man in the World 2011

Recently re-released Forbes list of richest people in the world in 2011. Most of the names of the wealthy businessman is no stranger to us, because it has always been a "subscription" Forbes. But not the least among them is a newcomer, whom the authorities are up and his wealth increased dramatically, making them become one of the richest people in this world in 2011, including Mark Zuckerberg, Sean Parker, Peter Thiel, Yuri Milner, and Eduardo Saverin and Dustin Moskovitz who made ​​a fortune at the age of 26 years.

Then anyone in the World Richest Man in 2011 which entered into the top 10?

  
10. Christy Walton
Christy Walton
Wealth (USD): $ 26.5 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp232, 670,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Walmart
Country: USA
Age: 55 Years


Christy Walton is a widow, her ex-husband John T. Walton is the son of founder Sam Walton's retail giant Walmart world. Christy Walton gaining wealth from her ex-husband who died. Walmart is now the largest retail outlets with a number of more than 8400 with 2 million employees. Successful transaction accounted for $ 405 Walmart Milya


9. Mukesh Ambani
Mukesh Ambani
Wealth (USD): $ 27 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp237, 194,991,360,000
Source of Wealth: Reliance Industries Limited & Private Sector
Country: India
Age: 53 Year

 



Mukesh Ambani, an Indian businessman who was born on 19 April 1957 acquired the majority of wealth through the named companies he led Reliance Industries Limited. The company was founded by Dhirubhai Ambani Mukesh Ambani who is also father. He began to join the company in 1981.


8. Eike Batista
Eike Batista
Wealth (USD): $ 30 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp263, 550,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Vale Mining Company
Country: Brazil
Age: 53 Year


The Brazilian businessman who has a full name is Eike Batista Fuhrken started his career as an entrepreneur in 1980 by joining with Canada miner named TVX Gold. Eike Batista was not a scholar, because he was in the DO (Dropped Out) from campus. Now he leads his own company that is Vale Mining Corp..


7. Amancio Ortega
Amancio Ortega
Wealth (USD): $ 31 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp271, 653,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Inditex (Fashion)
Country: Spain
Age: 75 Years


In addition to Louis Vuitton, the fashion entrepreneur whose name is seldom listed in the top 10 richest people in the world according to Forbes magazine. Amancio Ortega, owner of Spain's largest fashion company Inditex is now re-create entrepreneurs in the field of fashion shining again.
 
6. Lakshmi Mittal
Lakshmi Mittal
Wealth (USD): $ 31.1 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp272, 529,300,000,000
Source of Wealth: Inditex (Fashion)
Country: India / UK
Age: 61 Years


Lakshmi Mittal is an Indian entrepreneur who started his career in the corporate world by setting up a steel company in Sidoarjo, East Java, aided by a man named Nur Saidah who now serves as the leader in PT. Ispat Indo, a subsidiary of Lakshmi Mittal. A businessman who now lives in England is a founder of world-class steel company named ArcelorMittal.
 
5. Larry Ellison
Oracle Database
Wealth (USD): $ 39.5 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp346, 612,500,000,000
Source of Wealth: Oracle Corporation
Country: USA
Age: 67 Year



Oracle founder had a chance to become the richest man in the world ranking first in 2000, although for a short time. The growing need for database systems in the IT world it is increasingly add to the coffers of rich businessman who was born in August of this. Larry Ellison also been recorded in Dropped Out by two leading universities in USA, among others, the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois.
 
4. Bernard Arnault
Arnault
Wealth (USD): $ 41 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp359, 775,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: LVMH (Louis Vuitton, Dior & Fendi)
Country: France
Age: 62 Years



This is the king of luxury goods. Kinds of famous brands Louis Vuitton and Dior was his. No wonder the French businessman has become the richest businessman in France number 1 and number 4 in the world beat its competitors who are also in the field of fashion François Pinault (Gucci) and also Liliane Bettencourt (L'Oreal).
 
3. Warren Buffett
Warren Buffett
Wealth (USD): $ 50 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp438, 750,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Berkshire Hathaway
Country: USA
Age: 81 Years



Warren Edward Buffett, is an entrepreneur who got the nickname "Legendary Investor". How not, most of the wealth acquired through appropriate investment, and through financial management services. With enormous wealth, not to make this American businessman forget the little people, he became one of the largest contributors in the history.
 
2. Bill Gates
Bill Gates
Wealth (USD): $ 56 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp491, 400,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Microsoft Corp..
Country: USA
Age: 56 Year
 



Bill Gates is an example of the many entrepreneurs who are "Alumni Dropped Out" from the University. I think it's a lot to know about the story, including his wealth ever recorded increases of $ 250 or Rp2, 200,000 per seconds and also the generosity of donating 90% of his fortune to charity, founded by himself along with his wife.
 

1. Carlos Slim
Carlos Slim HeluKekayaan (USD): $ 74 Billion
Wealth (USD): Rp649, 350,000,000,000
Source of Wealth: Telecommunications
Country: Mexico
Age: 71 Years
 



Carlos Slim Helu, a businessman from Mexico rumored to acquire enormous wealth through the state monopoly in Mexico where he controlled most of Mexico's telecommunications market through the ex-state companies in the acquisition of himself named Telmex.
    
 
  

 
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